Refactor `src/black/__init__.py` into many files (#2206)

* Move string-related utility to functions to strings.py, const.py
* Move Leaf/Node-related functionality to nodes.py
* Move comment-related functions to comments.py
* Move caching to cache.py and Mode/TargetVersion/Feature to mode.py
* Move some leftover functions to nodes.py, comments.py, strings.py
* Add missing files to source list for test runs
* Move line-related functionality into lines.py, brackets into brackets.py
* Move transformers to trans.py
* Move file handling, output, parsing, concurrency, debug, and report
* Move two more functions to nodes.py
* Add CHANGES
* Add numeric.py
* Add linegen.py
* More docstrings
* Include new files in tests

Co-authored-by: Jelle Zijlstra <jelle.zijlstra@gmail.com>